Monday, May 9, 2016

UNIT 7: Absolute And Comparative Advantage

                                               Absolute Advantage
Individual- exists when a person can produce more of a certain good/service than someone else in the same amount of time (or can produce a good using the least amount of resources).
National- exists when a country can produce more a good/service than another country can in the same time period.
                                     Comparative Advantage
A person or a nation has a comparative advantage when it can produce the product at a lower domestic opportunity cost than can a trading partner.
                            Examples of output problems
1.      Words per minute.
2.      Miles per gallons.
3.      Tons per acre
4.      Apples per tree
5.      Televisions produced per hour
                                        Examples of input problems
1.      Number of hours to do a job.
2.      Number of acres to feed a horse
3.      Number of gallons of paint to paint a house.
                                      Specialization and trade
·         Gains from trade are based on comparative advantage, not absolute advantage.


UNIT 7: Foreign Exchange, Flexible And Fixed Rates.

                                      Foreign Exchange (Forex)
·         The buying and selling of currency. 
- Ex. In order to purchase souvenirs in France, it is first necessary for Americans to sell (supply) their dollars and buy Euros.
- Any transaction that occurs in the balance of payments necessitates foreign exchange.
- The exchange rate (e) is determined in the foreign currency markets. 

                                             Changes in exchange rates
- Exchange rates (e) are a function of the supply and demand for currency. 
- An increase in the supply of a currency will decrease the exchange rate of a currency. 
- A decrease in supply of a currency will increase the exchange rate of a currency.
- An increase in demand for a currency will increase the exchange rate of a currency.
 - A decrease in demand for a currency will decrease the exchange rate of a currency
                              Appreciation and depreciation
·         Appreciation of a currency occurs when the exchange rate of that currency increases.
·         Depreciation of a currency occurs when the exchange rate of that currency decreases (e decreases)
Note: the more you supply, value depreciate. The more you demand value appreciates.
Exchange rates determinants
1.      Consumer tastes (buyers taste)
2.      Relative income
3.      Relative price level
4.      Speculation
                                        Exports and imports
The exchange rate is a determinant of both exports and imports.
·         Appreciation of the dollar causes American goods to be relatively more expensive and foreign goods to be relatively cheaper, thus reducing exports and increasing imports.
·         Depreciation of the dollar causes American goods to be relatively cheaper and foreign goods to be relatively more expensive, thus increasing exports and reducing imports.
As two currencies trade:
1.      One supply line will change; the other demand line will change.
2.      They will move in the same direction.
3.      One currency will appreciate, the other will depreciate.
Note: when supply decreases then dollar appreciates. When supply increases them value of dollar depreciates.


                                               Flexible rate
Based on the supply and demand of that currency versus the other currency. It is very sensitive to the business cycle and it provides options for investment.
                                            Fixed rates
It is based on a countries willingness to distribute currency and to control the amount.

UNIT 7: Balance Of Payments

                                         Balance of payments
·         Measures of money inflows and outflows between the united states and the rest of the world (ROW)
-          Inflows are referred to as credits
-          Outflows are referred to as debits

The balance of payment is divided into three accounts:
1.      Current account
2.      Capital/financial account
3.      Official reserves account

                               Double entry book keeping
Every transaction in the balance of payments is recorded twice in accordance.
                                               Current account
·         Balance of trade or Net exports
-          Exports of goods/services- import of goods/services.
-          Exports create a credit to the balance of payments.
-          Imports create a debit to the balance of payments.
·         Net foreign income
-          Income earned by the U.S. owned foreign assets
·         Net transfers (tend to be Unilateral).
-          Foreign aid- a debit to the current account.
-          Example- Mexican migrant worker sends money to family.
                                            Capital / Financial Account
·         The balance of capital ownership.
·         Includes the purchase of both real and financial assets
·         Direct investment in the United States is a credit to the capital account.
-          For example the Toyota company in San Antonio.
·         Direct investment by United States firms/individuals in a foreign country are debits to the capital account.
·         Purchase of foreign financial assets represents a Debit to the capital account. For example Warren buffets buys stock.
·         Purchase of domestic financial assets by foreigners represents a credit to the capital account.
                                          Relationship between current and capital account
·         Remember double entry bookkeeping?
·         The current account and the capital account should zero each other out.
·         That is….if the current account has a negative balance (deficit) then the capital account should then have a positive balance (surplus).
                                                      Official reserves
·         The foreign currency holdings of the U.S. fed.
·         When there is a balance of payments surplus the fed accumulates foreign currency and debits the balance of payments.
·         When there is a balance of payments deficit, the fed depletes its reserves of foreign currency and credits the balance of payments.
Active v. passive official reserves

-The U.S. is passive in its use of official reserves. It does not seek to manipulate the dollar exchange rate.
-The People's Republic of China is active in its use of official reserves. It actively buys and sells dollars in order to maintain a steady exchange rate w/ the United States.



                         Formulas
1.      Balance of trade
-          Good exports + goods imports
2.      Balance on goods : services :
-          Goods exports + service exports + goods imports + service imports.
3.      Current Account:
-          Balance on goods and services + net investment + net transfers
4.      Capital account:

-          Foreign purchases + domestic purchases.